The Internationalization Of International Marketing

International marketing is an area in which exact work by professionals is regularly more advanced and perceptive than academic contributions (Wind, 1979). For the expansion of international marketing, firms require both general learning and market-specific learning. Market-specific knowledge is picked up principally through involvement in the business sector, while learning of the operations can be exchanged starting with one nation then onto the next (Andersen, 1993). For experiential knowledge of the market, an immediate connection between business sector information and business sector commitment is proposed and HR can be considered as a measurement of knowledge (Andersen, 1993). Consequently, the wider the knowledge about the business†¦show more content†¦MacDougall (1957) stated that, the competitive force of modern nations is upgraded when they make new products or production processes. An items business position is known to change after some time as is its profitabil ity and the product life cycle is a theory to perceive particular phases of the sales history of an item (Lancaster Wesenlund, 1984). Lastly, the objective of this essay is to show the theoretical development in internationalization for firms and the selection of their foreign country markets they choose to expand their business ventures. Discussion Theoretical Development Firms venture into international markets to widen their market share and many new firms that venture into international markets prefer a country that is similar to the firms’ home nation. The Uppsala model depiction of foreign expansion could in reality be seen as concentrating basically on the internationalization ways of mature firms that are sufficiently experienced to travel to another country, whereas the observational evidence suggests that such experience may now and again be lacking, and that numerous new pursuits are actually connected with early internationalization, i.e. resulting from brand name creation or research development activities, which have been built up before (Osiyevskyy, Verbeke Zargarzadeh, 2014). The worldwide expansion patterns portrayed by

Sickle Cells And Sickle Cell Trait - 2021 Words

Normal red blood cells are shaped like discs and look like donuts with no hole in the middle. They are rich in hemoglobin and carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Sickle cell anemia is a disease in which the red blood cells become sickle shaped, or shaped like a crescent. Sickle cells also become sticky and tend to block the blood flow to the limbs and organs (â€Å"What is Sickle Cell Anemia?†). People who have sickle cell trait (SCT) do not have the disease, but instead are carriers of it. Most people who have SCT live their lives completely symptom free, however there are some complications that are associated with sickle cell trait. People who have the trait must be careful when they are completing strenuous exercise and when dehydrated. These cases, in extreme form, can lead to complications of sickle cell disease, and even death (â€Å"What You Should Know About the Sickle Cell Trait†). Athletes with the sickle cell trait must be careful when exercising because their blood cells may start to sickle. According to CBSSports, â€Å"It is known that sickle cell trait has been the leading cause of non-traumatic deaths among Division I college football players since 2000.† Football players in Division I programs, typically in southern states, are especially at risk if they have the sickle cell trait. This is because during preseason, when the temperatures are still well above the 80 degree mark, athletes tend to become more dehydrates, and the toll on their bodies isShow MoreRelatedSickle Cells Anaemia And The Sickle Cell Trait910 Words   |  4 Pages UNDERSTANDING SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA AND THE SICKLE CELL TRAIT Introduction Sickle Cell Anaemia is the commonest of most severe form of Sickle Cell Disease. SCD is a collective term for hereditary haemoglobinopathies caused by the inheritance of a mutated haemoglobin allele (sickle haemoglobin-HbS) in the erythrocytes. The HbS mutation is caused by a Valine to Glutamic acid substitution at the 6th amino acid of the ÃŽ ²-globin chain. (Harmon et al., 2012)The first known case of SCD in the western worldRead MoreAfrican American Parents With The Sickle Cell Trait1524 Words   |  7 PagesAfrican-American parents with the Sickle Cell Trait have the greatest risk of passing Sickle Cell Anemia to their offspring. In this article, sickle cell anemia is defined as a hereditary disease that destroys red blood cells by causing them take on an elongated and rigid sickle shape. In addition, a different type of hemoglobin called Hemoglobin S, is the protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body. This protein starts to wrap around other red blood cells when oxygen is lacking toRead MoreThe Probability of Inheriting a Disease Is Not Random1816 Words   |  7 Pagesrate of Sickle Cell Anemia among people of African lineage. Sickle Cell disease is inherited and it affects the anatomy of the red blood cells, resulting in a sickle shape which then affects the functions of red blood cells causing a blood disorder. Sickle Cell is a recessive disease and persons affected have both copies of the hemoglobin S gene. This genetic defect causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped (cresent shape). The abnormal shape severely impede the ability of red blood cells to passRead MoreSickle Cel l Disease Is The Most Common Genetic Disorder1152 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction I. Attention Getter: A sickle is a blade used by farmers to cut down grains and crops. It does a great job because of its crescent moon shape. Unfortunately, a crescent moon is the worst possible shape for your blood cells, because they can t do their job unless they re round. According to cdc.gov, â€Å"Sickle cell disease is the most common genetic disorder in the United States and About 100,000 Americans are thought to be living with sickle cell disease, and every year another 1,000Read MoreSickle Cell Anemia And The Disease1149 Words   |  5 PagesSickle Cell Anemia LaToya R Walker American Public University Systems Abstract This paper will discuss Sickle Cell Anemia. It will describe what the disease is as well as how its contracted. The paper will go on to on to discuss the symtoms risk and statistics of sickle cell aniema. The paper will end with discussing treatment for the disease. Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia or Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a passed down blood disorder that attacks and destroys the red blood cells. This DiseaseRead More Sickle Cell Disease Essay1447 Words   |  6 PagesSickle Cell Disease Sickle Cell Disease is an illness that affects people all across the globe. This paper will give a description of the sickness through the discussion of the causes, symptoms, and possible cures. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders.(1) These disorders can have various afflictions, such as pain, damage and a low blood count--Sickle Cell Anemia. The overall incidence of SCD is eight out of 100,000 people. However, it isRead More Sickle Cell Anemia Essays1119 Words   |  5 PagesSickle cell anemia is a hereditary disorder that mostly affects people of African ancestry, but also occurs in other ethnic groups, including people who are of Mediterranean and Middle Eastern descent. More than 70,000 Americans have sickle cell anemia. And about 2 million Americans - and one in 12 African Americans - have sickle cell trait (this means they carry one gene for the disease, but do not have the disease itself). Sickle cell anemia occurs when a person inherits two abnormal genesRead MoreA Study On Sickle Cell Anemia868 Words   |  4 Pages Sickle Cell Anemia The gene or chromosome that is affected? The haemoglobin atom has combine parts: an alpha and a beta. Patients with reference to sickle cell suffering take on a variation in a gene on chromosome 11 that codes for the beta subunit of the haemoglobin protein. As an answer, hemoglobin molecules don t display suitably, causing red blood cells to be stiff and take on a concave shape (like a sickle used to trim wheat). These adequate shaped cells get hooked in the blood vessels andRead MoreA Sickle Is An Essential Tool For Harvesting Crops1549 Words   |  7 Pages In agriculture, a sickle is an essential tool for harvesting crops, necessary for a process that sustains life; however, in the medical field, hearing one’s doctor use the word to describe his or her cells can unleash a wave of terror. Sickle Cell Disease, commonly known as SCD, is a genetic blood disease that is called as such because mutated red blood cells become sickle-shaped (â€Å"Sickle Cell Disease†). This genetic mutation greatly impacts life throughout the entire world, though it is continuouslyRead MoreSickle Cell Disease And Cancer848 Words   |  4 PagesSickle Cell Disease and Thalassemias Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) and Thalassemias are similar blood disorders with some important differences. Sickle Cell Disease is a disorder where the red blood cells are sickle-shaped, which causes them to stick to vessel walls preventing much needed oxygen from traveling through the body. Thalassemias has normal looking red blood cells, but the body does not make enough healthy cells or hemoglobin. This means there is a lack of oxygen because the body does not

Macroeconomic Cash Reserve Ratio Free Essays

string(35) " its clients on SHORT t erm loans\." mrunal. org http://mrunal. org/2012/08/econ-crr. We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomic Cash Reserve Ratio or any similar topic only for you Order Now html [Economy] Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) Controversy between SBI RBI: meaning, implication on Economy Explained 1. What is CRR? 2. What is Scheduled Commercial Bank? 3. Examples of Scheduled Commercial Banks 1. Case # 1: High CRR and SLR 2. Case # 2: Low CRR and SLR 4. Repo Rate 5. Reverse Repo Rate 6. Bank Rate 7. What is the need of all these CRR,SLR,Repo rates? 8. What is the problem with CRR? 9. How much CRR deposit does RBI have? 10. What does SBI want? 11. Deputy Governor of RBI 12. Timeline of Events 13. Mock Questions Before proceeding further, do read the earlier articles on 1. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) 2. Cost Push Inflation 3. Demand Pull Inflation What is CRR? CRR means Cash Reserve Ratio. Banks in India are required to hold a certain proportion of their total deposits with RBI in cash form. Right now, CRR is about 4. 75% that means if people deposit total Rs. 100 in SBI, then SBI would have to deposit Rs. 4. 75 in RBI. This is CRR or Cash Reserve Ratio. CRR rule doesnot apply to Regional Rural Banks, Non Banking Financial Companies (NBFC), Mutual funds or insurance companies. What is Scheduled Commercial Bank? Scheduled banks are those banks which have been included in the second schedule of the Reserve bank of India act of 1934. The banks included in this schedule list should fulfill two conditions. 1. The paid capital and collected funds of bank should not be less t han Rs. 5 lakhs. 2. Any activity of the bank will not adversely affect the interests of depositors [hahaha, does it mean Non-scheduled banks are allowed to adversely affect the interests of depositors !? ] Examples of Scheduled Commercial Banks Public Sector Majority of stake is held by the government. 1. State Bank of India (SBI) 2. Punjab National bank (PNB) Private Sector Majority stakes are held by private players. 1. ICICI, 2. HDFC, 3. AXIS Bank Case #1: High CRR and SLR Suppose total deposit deposited in (by you and me) State Bank of India =Rs. 100 Total Deposit CRR: 15%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit in RBI, without getting any interest. SLR: 38%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit, in Government securities / treasury bonds. SBI earns around 7. % interest rate on this investment. click me for more on SLR Money left with SBI Rs. 100 -15 -38 100-1538=Rs. 47 Case #2: Low CRR and SLR Total Deposit CRR: 4. 75%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit in RBI, without getting any interest. Rs. 100 -4. 75 SLR: 23%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit, in Government securities / treasury bonds. SBI earns around 7. 5% interest rate on this investment. Money left with SBI -23 1 00-4. 7523=Rs. 72. 25 In either case, as long as you’re running a bank, you’ll have some input costs such as 1. Salary to Bank PO , Clerks, peons and security guards (With rusted guns) 2. Office rent 3. ATM machine’s electricity and maintenance. 4. Newspaper advertizements. To pay above salary and bills, SBI would need to maintain certain amount of profit margin, no matter what RBI does with CRR,SLR or Repo Rate. In Case# 1, when SBI has only Rs. 47 in the hands, what can it do to keep the profit margin same? Obviously SBI will have to increase the interest rates on car,home,bike,business loans given to customers. In case# 2, when SBI has Rs. 72, what can it do? Here the situation is not that bad. So, SBI chief would decrease the interest rates on car,home,bike,business loans to seduce more customers. We already discussed this- SBI has more money so it can cut down interest rates and suffer temporary reduction in profit, in order to seduce more customers (compared to ICICI) So once SBI has reduced the interest rates, other banks will need to reduce their interest rates, to stay in the competition. Repo Rate Let’s continue assuming the Case# 2, that SBI has only Rs. 72. 25 left in its locker. SBI chief comes to know that recently Samsung Company has launched Galaxy S3 mobile so plenty of youngsters may want to buy it because of the advertisements that appear on TV channels 24/7 Thus there will be demand for more personal loans (EMI) or credit card based shopping. But SBI got only Rs. 72. 25. So SBI chief would borrow some more money from RBI @8% interest rate and then re-lend this money to customers as personal loan @16% (and thus aking a killing profit of 16-8=8%) or he can supply money to customers for Credit Card shopping, and in that case he can earn interest rate anything between 16-37% or even more (depending on hidden terms and conditions of credit card. ) This 8% : the rat e @which RBI lends short t erm loans t o client s, is called Repo Rat e. Reverse Repo Rate As the name suggests, Reverse repo rate is â€Å"reverse† of Repo rate. So, if SBI chief feels there is n ot enough demand for loans and most of those 72. 25 Rupees are sitting idle, he’ll deposit some of that cash, in RBI. RBI will pay SBI chief 7% interest rate on such deposit. Thus, Reverse repo rate is the interest rate which RBI pays its client s* for their shortterm deposits. Note: Reverse Repo Rate is automatically kept 1% less than Repo rate according to new RBI rules. [Since Nov. 2010, Reverse Repo rate is constantly 1% less than Repo]. Side Question Why would SBI chief put his money in RBI? Because on your normal savings account in SBI, the chief pays you around 4% interest rate, while RBI is giving him 7% Reverse repo rate, so he’s making a profit of 3%. Bank Rate Bank rate is the interest rate which RBI charges from its clients* for their LONG-t erm loans. Recall that Repo Rate = RBI charge that much interest from its clients on SHORT t erm loans. You read "Macroeconomic Cash Reserve Ratio" in category "Papers" *Who’re the clients of RBI? 1. Union Government 2. State Government 3. NABARD (through that money goes to Microfinance companies and Regional Rural Banks) 4. Commercial Banks (SBI, ICICI etc) 5. Non Banking Financial Companies (NBFC) like Muthoot Finance and Mannapuram Gold Loans. (^list is not exhaustive. ) please not e: 1. Bank Rate, Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate applies to all Clients of RBI. . The CRR,SLR applies to Commercial Banks. (including Urban Cooperative banks but excluding Regional Rural Banks) What is the need of all these CRR,SLR,Repo rates? RBI’s main job = control inflation by controlling money supply in the market. Too much money in the market =easy to get loans= not good. Because It’ll create i nflation. [Demand Pull] Too less money in the market= again not good, because businessmen find it hard to get loans, thus input cost of production increases= not good for economy either and it’ll create inflation. Cost push] Therefore, RBI will increase/decrease these CRR, SLR and Repo Rates according to the situation in order to adjust the money supply in market and thus control inflation. [Monetary policy] Nowadays RBI doesn’t touch Bank rate much and mostly relies on Repo rate to control the money supply. CRR and SLR are also not changed as frequently as Repo rate. And Reverse repo rate is automatically kept 1% less than Repo rate, so that makes Repo rate the â€Å"most f requent ly used t ool† in RBI’s monetary policy, in last two years. Apart from that, CRR,SLR and Repo Rate also help those competitive magazine wallas to fill up pages with ridiculously unimportant data tables to make your life more miserable. What is the problem with CRR? How much CRR deposit does RBI have? In July 2012 [all approximate numbers] Total Deposits in all Scheduled Commerical banks (SBI,ICICI etc) CRR: 4. 75%Banks have to keep this much amount of total deposits in RBI. Interest earned by SBI/ICICI etc on CRR deposits made in RBI 65 lakh crores 65 lakh crores x 4. 75%=around 3 Lakh crores sitting idle in RBI lockers. lakh crores x 0% = Rs. 0 If SBI/ICICI etc. could lend these 3 lakh crores (CRR deposits) to customers @10%, they could easily earn Rs. 30,000 crores in interest payment. Thus, CRR makes a huge difference in the profit of banks. UK, Canada, Sweden, Australia and New Zealand donot have CRR system in any form. In USA, there is graded system i. e. small banks don’t need to maintain any CRR with their central bank. While â €Å"big† banks would need to maintain CRR Deposit according to their size. Side Question: How â€Å"bigâ€Å"? Answer: no need to do Ph. D on that question trail. By the way, USA’s RBI (Central Bank) is known as Federal Reserve syst em and commonly known as â€Å"Feds†. So sometimes while randomly surfing through BBC/CNN you might come across lines like â€Å"Market boomed /crashed after Feds cut down the rates† they’re talking about USA’s RBI changing their repo, SLR etc. rates Interestingly, USA’s RBI (Feds) pays interest on the CRR deposits, while India’s RBI doesn’t pay any interest on CRR deposits. What does SBI want? Recently SBI Chairman Pratip Chaudhari said that CRR does not help anyone and it is unfair to apply it only on banks. Even if CRR is required why should it be on banks alone? There are a number of institutions that raise funds from the public – insurance companies, mutual funds and NBFCs so CRR should be applicable to all. Because of CRR, every year we lose Rs. 3,500 crore. Pratip Chaudhari = Chairman of SBI In India, Businessmen get loan @11 per cent while that for a Chinese equipment manufacturer gets loan in his country for only 4 per cent. So CRR= less money in market= higher interest rate= increases the input cost of Indian products. Deputy Governor of RBI On SBI chief Pratip Chaudhari’s demand for removal of CRR, the Deput y Governor of RBI K C Chakrabart y, replied that if the SBI Chairman is not able to do business as per our regulatory environment, he has to find some other place. On this [rude] comment of Chakrabarthy, SBI chief Pratip Chaudhari replied, (doesn’t matter what anyone says) I wanted to start a debate on CRR in the public domain, so let that debate happen. Timeline of Events Early 90s 1992 1996 1999 2007 CRR used to be as high as 15% and SLR used to be as high as 38. %, thus making life of businessmen and aam juntaa difficult. RBI introduces system of Repo rate. RBI introduces the system of Reverse Repo Rate RBI st art s paying interest rates to banks, on CRR deposits. Sub Prime Crisis in USA RBI st ops paying interest rates to banks on CRR deposits. 2010 Eurozone Crisis. For more on that topic, Click ME High inflation, RBI starts increasing Repo rate to fix it. 2011 Throughout the year, RBI keeps increa sing Repo Rate to combat inflation. Repo rates gets as high as 8. 50%. August 2012 SBI chief Pratip Chaudhari demands removal of CRR. He has been doing it since a long time, even in 2011 seminars] So, This CRR removal news topic would have faded away just like it did in 2011, had the RBI deputy governor not replied on SBI chief’s statement. But RBI Deputy governor did, so the media blows the news out of proportion that â€Å"RBI snubs SBI chairman. † And thus the Innocent aspirants of UPSC, bank and MBA exams, are forced to learn one more topic i. e. CRR controversy. By the way, during this time, 1. 2. 3. 4. Bank Rate=9% Repo =8% (reverse repo would be obviously 8-1=7%) CRR=4. 75% SLR=23% Mock Questions Q1. Which of t he f ollowing st at ement s are incorrect ? 1. The NBFCs are required to maintain CRR deposits with RBI. 2. RBI pays interest rates on CRR deposits. 3. An Increase in CRR would decrease the liquidity from the market. 4. At present, Bank Rate Repo Rate Reverse Repo Rate. Q2. Which of t he f ollowing st at ement s are correct ? 1. Repo rate is the interest rate paid by RBI to banks on short term deposits. 2. A decrease in repo rate will increase the home loan interest rates. 3. HDFC is a Non-scheduled Commercial bank. 4. SLR is always 20% higher than CRR. Q3. What were the steps taken by RBI in its monetary policy during 2011 to control inflation in India. Do you think RBI achieved its objective? Give reasons to justify your stand. (Mains) Q4. If you were the RBI Governor, what steps would to take regarding the CRR issue? (interview) Ref: 1. Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh (Tata McGraw hill Publication) 2. http://moneylife. in/article/cash-reserve-ratio-a-non-performing-asset-forbanks/28066. html 3. http://www. indianexpress. com/news/cut-crr-to-fuel-positive-sentimentchaudhuri/980459/0 4. http://www. allbankingsolutions. com/DATA. htm August 30th, 2012 | Category: Economy How to cite Macroeconomic Cash Reserve Ratio, Papers

Beowulfs Universal Appeal Essay Example For Students

Beowulfs Universal Appeal Essay Beowulfs Universal AppealThere are archetypal patterns in life. They reoccur and become familiar to people through all ages and ethnicities. Throughout history, few literary works have captivated audiences by incorporating these patterns. The epic Beowulf is one literary work that effectively incorporates timeless components. The epic poem relates the tale of Beowulf, a warrior who throughout his life overcomes evils. It has strong elements of Anglo-Saxon elements of bravery, strength and of religious tenets. Beowulf enjoys universal appeal primarily because of its elements of characterization, plot and theme that prove timeless. Beowulfs portrayal of human nature proves eternal. The protagonist Beowulf brashly lists his accomplishments before entering battle: ?But the truth is simple: no man swims in the sea as I can, no strength is a match for mine? other monsters crowded around me, continually attacking. I treated them politely, offering the edge of my razor-sharp sword,? (265-294). His boasts are symbolic of his personal insecurity. Beowulf seems scared of defeat and faliure. His boastful remarks are reminders to himself of his invincibility. Because he is insecure, Beowulf is an accurate representation of human nature. The poem also discloses social behaviors through Welthow, who portrays appropriate submissiveness of a wife. Women in society and position always are hot topics for discussion in any country and time period. She is subservient to her husband and ? a portion from the jeweled cup for each, till had carried the mead-cup among ,? (354-372). Jealousy is a accurately portrayed in the poem. is a human attribute that will apply to any time period anywhere. In the incident with Unferth, for example: ?angry that anyone in Denmark or anywhere on earth had ever acquired glory and fame greater than his own?(236-238) tries to belittle Beowulfs claims to bravery, and, by doing so, adds realistic qualities to his character. Belief Divine or supernatural notions are also tendencies of human nature. The poem reflects this ageless concern through references to ?that Shepherd of Evil? (432) and ? to the old stone gods? (90). These are both conflicting allusions to the two prominent religions of the time. One pertains to Christian ideology; i.e. ?The Almighty God? (493), and ?the Almighty making the earth? (8), and the other relates to Anglo Saxon religious beliefs; i.e., ?the omens were good? (118) and ?fate will unwind as it must,? (189). The poem alludes to Christianity, a monotheistic religion that rejects ideas of fate. On the other hand, there are rudiments of Anglo Saxon philoso phy, pagan on account of its elements of fate. The conflicts in the epic between the two opposite beliefs reflect human natures fickle notions and uncertainty in the belief in the divine. Additionally, the main characters attributes and conflicts would classify him as a ?messiah,? an archetypal pattern. Like Jesus and Moses, Beowulf, the epic hero, comes at a time of need and chaos in Herot, thereupon ending the chaos and destruction by killing Grendel and his mother. He comes after ?twelve winters of grief,? (62) and avenges evil by ? Herot clean,? (508). Just as Moses who was reluctant to die without seeing the ?promised land?, and Jesus who also was reluctant to die, Beowulf is ?unwilling to leave this world,? (738) or complete the final task at hand. Thus, Beowulfs constituents of supernatural and religious notions and realistic portrayal of human nature create a universal appeal that proves timeless. The epic develops the nature of the universal and reoccurring battle that men fight against evil. The three battles that occur at different stages of Beowulfs life imply that the battle against evil is repetitious. Symbolically the three battles are fought with evil: one with Grendel, one with Grendels mother, and the third with the dragon. Grendel is decidedly evil because he ?was spawned in that slime, conceived by a pair of those monsters born of Cain, murderous creatures banished by God,? (20-23). Thus his mother is also of the same origin. The dragon as well is a great evil, whose breath ? burning hot, poison from his tongue,? (672-673). The three battles are fought at different times of Beowulfs life, to symbolize the perpetual war men fight against evil. Beowulf previously fights various evils: ? fought that beasts last battle,?(290) ?Huge sea-monsters killed,?(308) ?Hunting monsters?and killing them one by one,?(56-158). Later Beowulf battles with Grendel, and ?meant to hold the monster till its life leaped out, knowing the fiend was no use.? (473-4 74) Beowulf then fights the mother of his former archenemy, Grendel, at the bottom of ?heaving ? (571) in ?her terrible home.? (565) Beowulfs final fight is against the dragon that breathed ?murderous flames.? (732) The three battles propose to the reader the reoccurring battle against evil. However, the epic makes it clear that the battle isnt easily won. Beowulf struggles with Grendels mother. He ?was weary?(619) and even his sword failed. In sheer desperation Beowulf manages to win, only by luck that a ?heavy sword? the best of all weapons,? was readily available. Without its help, Beowulf in his fight against evil would have surely lost. Beowulf would not have killed the dragon in his last battle if it were not for Wiglaf. Together they triumphed over evil. Because Beowulf doesnt succeed solely, it is deducted that the fight against evil is won through teamwork. The concept of teamwork to succeed is universal, in that it is represented through religion. In Judaism, it takes ten or a minion to have valid prayer. In Christianity, all is encouraged to attend church to have unified prayer. The epic incorporates the universal concept of cooperation, thus adding to Beowulfs appeal. Beowulf fights all three main battles, thereby representing good, battling the ever-constant bad; ?Monsters,? creatures of the unknown, symbols of evil from eras of the past, and for centuries to come. These symbols of evil are valid at any time, thus validating Beowulfs universality. Mythical human ideals of invincibility and bravery are commingled with realistic attributes of failure and age in Beowulf to create a timeless appeal to all audiences. Bravery and strength characterize the protagonist, Beowulf. Strong Beowulf ?survived the sea, smashed the monsters hot jaws, swam home from journey,?(311). Beowulf has tremendous strength, which is an idealistic quality of most humans, past and present. Beowulf, who has a ?tight hard grip,? (447), would most likely appeal to Romans as wel l as nowaday men who watch Monday night football to enjoy pure physical strength. Invincible in his youth, Beowulf fought multitudes of sea-monsters. Beowulf however, never drowns, though laden in armor and mail, and seems to be invincible. Nevertheless, Beowulf falls victim to age. Beowulf in his final battle ?must lean on younger arms.? (776-778) In other words, Beowulf can no longer fend for himself solely. He needs the help of at least another to conquer evil. This represents the belief of strength in number; men uniting will overcome. The change in his boasts reflects his age. Before his battle against Grendel he said, ?therell be nothing to mourn over, no corpse to prepare for its grave,? (180-181). In his age however, he says to his men, ?Wait for me (after the battle)? we shall see? who will survive this bloody battle,?(679-681). Beowulf, invincible in his youth, fails ultimately; ? his soul left his flesh, flew to glory,? (827-828). His failure in his final battle against e vil creates a mixture of realism and myth, thereby instituting timeless appeal. Beowulf will impact generations to come as it has affected past generations, because of its timeless and ageless elements of characterization, theme, and plot. Beowulf has an incorporation of timeless spiritualism that can accommodate an array of beliefs and, has ageless components of good vs. evil, and human ideals. Beowulf sets a universal precedent of timeless literature. Beowulf, like few other literary works, is ancient, but has not, and will not lose its appeal or audience. .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b , .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b .postImageUrl , .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b , .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b:hover , .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b:visited , .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b:active { border:0!important; } .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b:active , .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u330598e82cef8bb5b4f5c80ff2437b8b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Ukrainian Genocide Essay English Essays

Henri Fayols Management Theories

Introduction Management refers to the act of achieving goals through people. Some scholars are of the opinion that management refers to the process of planning, organising, coordinating and controlling to achieve the predetermined goals and Objectives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Henri Fayol’s Management Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various authors have developed management theories, and Henry Fayol is one of the renowned theorists. Henry Fayol was born in 1841 in Istanbul, and he is one of the pioneers who developed theories of management during industrialization period. According to Fayol, management refers to forecasting, planning, organising, commanding and controlling (Brunsson, 2008). He introduced fundamental basis of understanding management. Through his management theory, other philosophers have developed their theories in relations to management. Hence, he is referred to as the f ather of the classical school of management (Parker Ritson, 2005). This study focuses on Henry Fayol’s theory of management, its evolution and application in management of the organisations today. Henry Fayol and the 14 principles of management Henry Fayol joined coal mining factory as a chief executive officer after graduating with an engineering degree. He recognised that, for managers to be efficient and effective, they must apply some principals of management when managing their business entities (Brunsson, 2008). Therefore, he developed the fourteen principles of management that help managers in managing their organisations. However, he disagreed with the notion that management requires an individual to possess some management traits. Fayol emphasized on application of the fourteen principles of management. He argued that, management is not static, but rather it is a continuous process which keeps on evolving. Therefore, for managers to be efficient and effective, they must continuously improve their principles of management (Parker and Ritson, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fayol authored a book called the General and Industrial Management. In this book, he explained the functions of management as; planning, organising, staffing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. The book divided General and Industrial Management into six groups namely: Technical undertaking, which involve production, manufacturing and adaptation. Commercial undertaking, which focuses on exchanging, buying and selling of products. Financial undertaking, which focuses on optimum utilization of capital when carrying out organisation operations. Security undertaking, which dealt with personal and property protection. Accounting activities, which focus on taking the stocks of the company as well as maintaining the books of accounts. Lastly, he divided the acti vities into managerial activities, which focus on planning, organising, commanding, coordinating and controlling activities (McLean, 2011). Fayol argued that, apart from employing the fourteen principals of management, decision makers should incorporate the activities for effective management of an organisation. Henry Fayol formed the basis of management by providing the managers with a conceptual framework through his fourteen principles of management (Pryor and Taneja 2010). The first principles provide that division of labour is essential in an organization. Fayol argued that, task should be apportioned among employees based on employees’ ability. For example, the management of Volkswagen Company, based in Germany, applies division of labour to manufacture quality products. Workers are allocated tasks to manufacture vehicles based on their expertise. The second principle is the principal of authority and responsibility. This means that, managers have the right to give orde rs to employees and to expect obedience from their junior employees. On the other hand, employees have the obligation to execute the allocated tasks. This principle is applied in Barrick’s Mining Company, based in the US. The third principle is the principle of discipline, which emphasizes that all the stakeholders should respect the rules and regulations in an organisation to ensure that order and efficiency prevails (Wren, 2001). The principle is commonly applied in Cadillac car manufacturing at General Motors Company, based in Detroit Michigan.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Henri Fayol’s Management Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fifth principal involves unity of command, whereby, employees should receive commands from only one superior. The principle is exercised in Barrick’s Mining Company because it helps managers to avoid conflict within the organization, especially wh en giving commands to the junior employees (Sahni and Vayunandan, 2010). The fifth principal that Fayol established was the principle of unity direction. The principle emphasizes on the importance of grouping similar activities together, especially the activities which are directed to a single manager. For example, this principle helps Volkswagen Company to ensure that, all activities are executed effectively without having any activity not executed. Fayol provided the sixth principle states that, there should be subordination of individual interest to general interest. This means that, the interest of an organisation should be given the first priority while the interest of individuals should come later. The principle is commonly applied in Barrick’s company based in U.S., and has enhanced productivity of this company. The seventh principle provides that, employee’s remuneration should be fair. This is because any perceived inequity among the employees might make the e mployees feel demotivated. Low motivation among employees can lead to reduction in the level of productivity. The eighth principal emphasizes on centralization. Managers are referred to as the focal points were the authority originates, while employees are referred to be the ones to execute the allocated task (Sapru, 2006). This principle helps managers at Honda Company, based in Manito Tokyo Japan, to ensure there are seamless operations in production of Honda products.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ninth principle emphasizes that there should be a scalar chain in an organisation. This indicates that the chain of command flows from the top to bottom. The top management should give commands, which should flow from top management to lower levels of management. The principle is normally applied in Forbes Company, based in U.S. The company has developed to dominate the global market. The tenth principle explains that, there should be order in an organisation. Employees, managers, decision makers and all the stakeholders should observe certain rules and regulations. For instance, all stakeholders should be punctual when executing the activities of an organization. This is crucial to ensure that time is not wasted, and that, all the stakeholders execute tasks promptly (Dzimbiri, 2009). The principle is commonly applied by Chinese construction companies, such as Civil Crafts Structure. The employees of Civil Crafts Structure Company are extremely conscious about time. The eleventh principle indicates that there should be equity. Managers should ensure that all employees are treated fairly and with a lot of dignity without favouring either side (Sapru, 2006). This principle is commonly applied in Volkswagen Company. All the employees of the company are treated fairly to ensure that no discrimination is experienced. Fayol’s twelfth principle is focused on personnel stability of tenure. According to this principle, managers should promote a stable workforce by encouraging employees’ long-term dedication and commitment. Organizations applying this principle experience reduction in the rate of employee turnover. This ensures that, there is increased organisational productivity and profitability, as well (Dzimbiri, 2009). The thirteenth principle show that, employees are supposed to develop with new ways of doing things. This principle is very important in the modern market environment. Organizations should apply innovative products to achieve a comp etitive edge in the modern market environment. For example, the Apple Company has achieved a competitive advantage because it develops innovative products. The company is renowned for developing products such as iPad, iPod and others. The fourteenth principle emphasizes on Esprit de Corps. This means that, managers should embrace and promote unity within an organisation by encouraging team work among the employees and all other stakeholders. The principle has promoted cohesiveness among Chinese Engineers in Civil Structure Company. The principle formed a fundamental basis for management practice during the industrialization period. However, the principle is not widely applied by managers today, but it still remains relevant (Dzimbiri, 2009). Henry Fayol emphasized that managers should possess the six the primary qualities of effective management to conduct management functions effectively. He argued that, for managers to apply the six concepts of management, they should define what they intend to achieve within a predetermined time frame. Managers should also create the authority lines through which there is efficient flow of commands. The commands should be issued such that the entire organisation is set towards execution of activities (Sahni and Vayunandan 2010). Henry Fayol’s classical theory of management has also proved to have a wide range of applications and advantages in organizations today. This is because; his fourteen principals of management are still applied to manage enterprises. The principle of division of labour helps human resource managers to allocate tasks to the employees. This ensures that work is evenly distributed among workers, and helps to ensure that the effort of each worker is being utilised productively (McLean, 2011). The principle of equity helps managers to treat employees with fairness. Equal treatment causes employees to feel valued and recognised. This leads to increase in the productivity of employees. The principle of initiative enables managers to encourage employees to be creative and innovative. Employee’s creativity and innovativeness enable the organisation to cope with the dynamics that may be experienced in an organisation. This enables an organisation to have a continuous performance improvement (Wren, 2001). The Principle of Esprit de Corps enhances unity and team work within the organisation. Unity and team work promotes corporation among the employees, and this leads to increased organisation productivity. The principle of stability of tenure enables employees to feel that their contributions are being appreciated. They feel dedicated towards achieving organisation goals and objectives. Additionally, the principle promotes the stability of the workforce by ensuring that there is long term employees’ commitment and dedication towards attaining the anticipated outcomes. Fayol’s principle of unity of direction helps to prevent confusion and conflict within an organ isation. According to this principle, employees are supposed to receive commands from only one superior. Hence, multiple commands to a single worker are avoided (Dzimbiri, 2009). However, despite having many advantages, the theory is faced by some limitations. The theory is being criticized for neglecting the needs of workers by failing to account their plights. Therefore, the theory is said to be management oriented rather than employees oriented (Dzimbiri, 2009). This means that, the theory emphasizes towards increasing the productivity of the organisation without considering the needs of the workers. The theory has the disadvantage of failure to embrace the fundamental managerial aspect such as; promoting vertical and horizontal communication (Sapru, 2006). Fayol’s theory of the classical school of management was based on military context and not in a business context. Therefore, the theory emphasizes on commanding employees rather than directing them (Cole, 2004). Additio nally, the theory has the disadvantage of failure to encourage informal groups and informal communication. Lack of informal groups within the organisation denies employees a vital tool which they can express their grievances to the top management (Sahni and Vayunandan, 2010). The theories further tend to describe Henry Fayol’s vision rather than the actual reality. This is because it lacks substantial facts and evidences to support its assertions. This means that the theory has not been substantiated by empirical research evidence but rather it is based on mare Fayol’s personal experience (Parker and Ritson, 2005). The theory is criticised for having some principles which may not be relevant in a business context. This means that some of the Fayol’s fourteen principles of management have limited applications in the business environment today. For example, the principle of unity of command is suitable in Military contexts rather than in business management. This is because in a business context manager should lead rather than commanding (Dzimbiri, 2009). Conclusion Henry Fayol classical theory of management has a wide range of application in today’s business. This is because managers find some of Fayol’s principle management to be relevant when managing organisations. Despite this theory being widely accepted, the theory is criticised because it is based on Henry Fayol’s personal experience during his tenure at coal mining factory. The theory has not been substantiated by any empirical evidence based on research. Hence, its credibility is still questionable. Despite lacking substantial evidence to support this theory, the theory formed a fundamental basis upon which many theories were formed. The theory helps identify the best practice to manage organisations and achieve the predetermined goals and objectives. Reference List Brunsson, K H 2008, ‘Some Effects of Fayola’s’, International Studies of Man agement Organisation, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 30-47. Cole, G. A., 2004, Management theory and practice, Thomson Learning, London. Dzimbiri, L B 2009, Organization and management theories: an African focus integrating structure, people, processes and the environment for human happiness, Cuvillier, Göttingen McLean, J 2011, ‘Fayol – standing the test of time’, British Journal of Administrative Management, pp. 32-33. Parker, LD and Ritson, PA 2005, ‘Revisiting Fayol: Anticipating Contemporary Management’, British Journal of Management, vol. 16, pp. 175-194. Pryor, M G and Taneja, S 2010 ‘Henri Fayol, practitioner and theoretician – revered and reviled’, Journal of Management History, vol. 16, issue 4, pp. 489-503. Sahni, P and Vayunandan, E 2010, Administrative theory, PHI Learning, New Delhi, India. Sapru, R K 2006, Administrative theories and management thought, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi Wren, DA 2001, ‘Henri Fayol a s strategist: a nineteenth century corporate turnaround’, Management Decision, vol. 39, issue 6, pp. 475-487. This essay on Henri Fayol’s Management Theories was written and submitted by user Raylan Riddle to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Breastfeeding in Public Essay Example

Breastfeeding in Public Essay Example Breastfeeding in Public Paper Breastfeeding in Public Paper In 2005, Barbara Walters, on national television, said that the sight of a woman breast-feeding her kid next to her made her uncomfortable.  What followed was a protest which began on the Internet and ended up in the streets.   After the comment, around 200 women hiked to ABCs headquarters, their form of protest: breastfeeding their babies in full view of everyone, while others held signs denouncing Walters comments, and the show which she hosts (Harmon, 2005). Amy Harmon at the New York Times writes that the ABC protest is only the most visible example of a new wave of lactivism.  Ã‚   Harmon relates that the lactivism movement stems from the surge of American mothers who choose to breastfeed (from 50% in 1990 to 70% in 2003).   Harmon explains that women found their lactivism voice after getting nasty comments about breastfeeding in public, or being asked to stop or transfer.   Harmon also writes that hundreds of women recount being asked to stop in a host of public spots.   Harmon attributes these to the prevailing cultural squeamishness of public nursing (Harmon, 2005). The Law Breastfeeding in public, however uncomfortable for those who could see it, is legal in the United States.   According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, 39 states, the Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia   all have laws which specifically allow women to breastfeed in public.   Twenty-five states have laws which categorically excludes breastfeeding from being classified as indecent.   Breastfeeding in the workplace is allowed in the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico along with 19 states (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2008). Going further, breastfeeding mothers are exempted from jury duty in 12 states and Puerto Rico while five states and Puerto Rico have encouraged the development of education campaigns geared at breastfeeding awareness (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2008). Businesses are also allowing nursing customers to breastfeed in their establishments, Harmon gave Starbucks and Burger King as examples (Harmon, 2005). Its Ones Right Breastfeeding has been proven beneficial to both the mother and the baby.   Public health officials have even gone as far as saying that not breastfeeding is detrimental to a babys health (Rabin, 2006). The United States Food and Drug Administration says that a growing body of evidence points to the fact that breast-fed babies have lower chances of being hospitalized, contracting diseases such as ear infections and diarrhea, getting allergies and rashes.   An FDA article cites Ruth Lawrence at the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation that breastfeeding should be done for six to twelve months (Williams, 1995). Breast milk contains just the right amounts of lactose, water, amino and fatty acids for proper digestion, growth and brain development.   Breast milk also transfers a mothers antibodies to the baby, protecting the infant from a host of diseases like pneumonia, bronchitis and other virus- and bacteria-borne diseases.   It is also sterile, and has more than 100 ingredients not found in infant formula.   It doesnt cause allergies (Williams, 1995). Other benefits to the baby includes proper jaw development, higher chances of developing straight, healthy teeth.   Psychologically, breastfeeding enables early attachment between the mother and the child, while promoting a healthy sense of security (Williams, 1995).   The Department of Human Services adds that breastfeeding is also tied to earlier development of infant immune system, decreased risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, less susceptibility to serious illness, reduced risk of chronic diseases like childhood cancers, juvenile diabetes, allergic diseases, asthma, higher IQs from enhanced neurological development. To the mother, breastfeeding can help in shedding off the extra pounds, save money.   Breastfeeding can also act as a contraceptive (Williams, 1995).   The mothers uterus also returns to normal size faster.   Also, there is reduced risk of endometrial, breast and ovarian cancers, osteoporosis and bone fracture.   Psychologically, a breastfeeding mother gets more confident and bonds with her baby (Department of Human Services, undated). Not breastfeeding, or at least in public, can deprive both mother and infant of these benefits.   And society is not helping.   Rabin points out that 60% of mothers with very young children work, while the law only requires companies to pay 12 weeks of unpaid maternity leave.   There is even no time alloted for lactation leave.   Only 1/3 of large companies have private and secure facilities for breastfeeding.   Only 7% offer child care sites near or in the workplace (Rabin, 2006). In effect, breastfeeding in public becomes necessary because its very hard to be a parent without leaving home, and hungry babies are not known for their patience.   A new mother returning to her normal routine outside the home will find it difficult to locate a place thats truly private in order to breastfeed her baby (Pugliese, 2000). As Anne Robb Pugliese states, breast milk is the best for babies, it doesnt stop being so just because other people are around. Nurse Here Now, an online advocacy for breastfeeding in public, states that breastfeeding in public is not, or should not be, a shameful act.   Other peoples discomfort stems from the fact that they cannot distinguish between maternal and sexual intimacy.   Moreover, hiding to breastfeed is not giving priority to the babys needs (NurseHereNow.Com, 2005).

Sectarian conflict in Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Sectarian conflict in Iraq - Essay Example The first two pages provide an in depth analysis and commentary on the evolving nature of the conflict. It argues that the roots of the conflict have been present since the creation of the country in the aftermath of World War I by the integration of former Ottoman Empire provinces. Further the politics of the country has been based upon totalitarianism and centralized government that has been effective and efficient in suppressing any manifestation of Shiite or Kurdish nationalism and fundamentalism. After this the research study focuses on the efforts of the Iraqi and American administrations in resolving the sectarian problem. Despite superficial attempts to negate the concept of sectarianism the root causes of the conflict persist. The research paper uses the political theory of realism in order to understand the causes and nature of the sectarian conflict in Iraq. Finally it makes recommendations which will assist policy makers in eradicating the scourge of sectarianism in the c ountry. Iraq was created after World War I by the British administration by joining together former provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Three ethnic and sectarian groups, Kurds, Sunnis, and Shiites inhabited this area. During the Baath party regime of Saddam Hussein, the Sunni elite had managed to suppress any manifestation of Kurdish or Shiite resurgence. However the United States invasion of Iraq and overthrow of the Saddam Hussein regime has dangerously changed the balance of power and monopoly once enjoyed by the Sunni elite. Shiites and Kurds have carved out their respective zones of influence where they dominate the state and security apparatus. Fighting in Iraq has increasingly turned towards a sectarian conflict between Shiites and Sunnis. The struggle has also been a broad part of the struggle between Arab states and Iran to protect and defend their interests in Iraq. Sectarian clashes have led to the wholesale expulsion or killings of minorities with enclaves being carved out

Week 5 posts 6330 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 5 posts 6330 - Assignment Example Thanks for such a short and precise post on developing successful evaluation strategies on the course issues and trends in nursing. I agree that it is important to develop a rubric, which is very important in grading as it acts a reference point to check whether all the required documentation has been included. In the post, you have mentioned â€Å"Widespread use of technology makes it extremely easy to lose sight of the myriad individual pieces of a syllabus† (Habanek, 2005). However, you have not specified your take towards incorporating technology in the evaluation process. On my part, I think technology is an essential part in carrying out evaluation especially when you anticipate having a long and detailed syllabus. The central part is to ensure that you enforce a system that can easily be monitored and adjusted when need arises. I would agree with you that having active learning strategies is necessary to prepare students such that they are in a position to apply what they learn from a classroom setting into real life situation. Therefore, it is necessary for the faculty to have a clear and precise curriculum that will help them achieve these conditions. Similar to what Billings and Halstead (2012) explain in their text â€Å"rely on goals, objectives, and outcomes to guide program, course, or lesson development† (p. 423). Besides that, I would like you to clarify one area that I did not quite understand. You mentioned â€Å"the students will complete a concept map and case study in preparation for the teaching plan they create and present† kindly elaborate more on this part. Thanks for such an informative post on developing a curriculum that will incorporate cardiac disorders as one of the main courses. Cardiac disorders such as heart failure have become a common problem in the current medical field. Therefore, need to have professionals that are well educated in the field and

In each industry, technology determines industrial structure, which Essay

In each industry, technology determines industrial structure, which determines the conduct of firms, which in turn determines the performance of firms. Explain and critically evaluate this statement - Essay Example However the reflection of this relationship would be quite clearly evident in relation with the entity’s market performance. In a larger macroeconomic context, such technological changes are in a broader sense expected to make impacts in the economy my as well. The level to which technology would affect the performance of an industry is however heterogeneous. This would mean that the micro level response of various firms to technological innovations and policy changes would vary to a larger extent (Smith K ,1999). However while analysing the macro level relationship, an evident sign of linkage can be found between the industry’s performance in the global scenario and the technology. This linkage has been found in the history of any industry. To understand the relevance of this statement the replacement of many traditional hand driven industries with automated technologies would be an ideal example. Ranging from agriculture to oil mining, technology always has changed the face and structure of the specific industry as per the standards of the age. However it is true that there are many other factors which drive the technological innovations specific to each industry. From the experiences in the history, it is quite evident that technology would bring massive change in the industrial structure both generic and specific to individual firms. Along with the relation of the structural changes with the performance of individual firms, it also important to understand the integration of these individual changes into complex social and economic relationships with their environments (Smith K ,1999). There are number of theories explaining the macro effect of the structural changes in the industry in relation with technology. This theory is based on the disequlibrium growth model based on creative destruction. It clearly proves the relationship of performance and growth of the industry with the introduction of substantial changes in

Vocabulary On Writing In EFL Learners

Vocabulary On Writing In EFL Learners Vocabulary knowledge has been considered as basic principles of learning English and it also has a determinant impact on EFL Witting skills. Writing is one of the important ways to learn English language that involves students ideas into the written text. Vocabulary mastery is one of knowledge that important to learn writing, listening, reading, and speaking A good writer has to know a set of vital items to enrich his writing such as grammar punctuation, capitalization rules; figurative language; rhyme; rhythm; and vocabulary. One item that can power up writing is a strong vocabulary. Spoken and written words are used to communicate ideas, thoughts, and emotions and they are so common among EFL learners, sometimes communicating will be successful and sometimes its quite reverse. To write an article, essay or even a composition which is written at school by students, good vocabulary is an essential object. Knowing synonyms and using strong vocabularies, give readers a good sense of meaning and information will make the writing more influential. In Santos, 1988; Astika,1993 study(cited in Lee,2003) has shown that lack of vocabulary contributes to writing difficulty for foreign language learners and that vocabulary is one of the most important features that determine writing quality The current article focused on the impact of vocabulary on writing in EFL learners. Importance of Vocabulary in Writing Vocabulary is defined as knowledge of words which is considered vital for language development and acquisition and is recognized as an essential factor in writing. It can also describe as the ability to use words in the generation and understanding of sentences. Beck, McCaslin, McKeown, 1980 study(cited in Yonek,2008)There is a substantial body of evidence demonstrating a link between vocabularies and students ability to read and comprehend passages. Researchers have also explored the role of vocabulary in three main aspects of students writing performance: (a) shaping teachers perceptions of writing quality; (b) predicting students overall writing performance, and (c) enhancing the quality of students written compositions( Papadopoulou, 2007,p.35). Papadopoulou,2007 said that there is a positive relationship between mature vocabulary (assessed by lexical choice) and high quality ratings. Particularly, when Neilsen and Piche (1981) compared the effects of syntactic complexity versus lexical choice on the ratings of writing quality, they reported high quality ratings for passages with mature vocabulary regardless of the passages syntactic complexity. Similarly, according to Papadopoulou,2007 examined the role of vocabulary in formatting teachers judgments of college freshmens written arguments:. It was reported that the appropriateness of words used, rather than the simple production of words, was more important in influencing teachers judgments of writing quality. The number of diction or word-choice errors per 100 words written was found to be a particularly strong predictor of writing quality. (Papadopoulou,2007,p.102) Vocabulary is also considered as a strong predictor of students overall writing performance when vocabulary scores are compared to more elaborated criterion measures of written expression such as the Test of Written Language (Towel;Hammill Larsen, 1978), the Stanford Achievement Test (SAT; Madden, Gardner,Rudman, Karlsen, Merwin, 1978), and the Developmental Sentence Scoring System (Lee Canter, 1971). Significant research has been conducted on the effects of vocabulary instruction on reading performance but studies investigating vocabulary instruction and writing are few (Duin Graves, 1987). It also illustrates the effects of vocabulary instruction on the quality of students written products. (Yonek,2008,p.68) Despite the correlations between verbal ability and writing, the nature of the relationship between the two is less certain. A rich vocabulary allows writer to get a richness of thought onto paper. However, the writers real pleasure comes not from using an exotic word but from using the right word. In other research, effective writing has also been shown to be reliant upon verbal working memory . Those students who have considerable difficulty in producing well written compositions suffer from underdeveloped oral proficiency levels. According to Bereiter Scardamalia, 1987 study,(cited in Lee,2003)Further research shows that verbal memory limitations impact both quantity and quality of writing . In writing, using correct verbs, propositions and grammatical point is so important. Vocabulary and writing: Finding the right words In some ways, the ability to write effectively hinges upon having an adequate vocabulary even more than does the ability to read. Once students have learned to decode words, they may be able to read and pronounce many words that are unfamiliar to them. They may even be able to determine accurate meanings of unfamiliar words simply by examining the context in which those words are used. During the writing process, however, a student does not have the luxury of examining the context in which a word is used; he or she is creating the context. Therefore, the writer must be able to spontaneously recall words that are known not only by sight, but that are understood well enough to use correctly. Writing is dependent upon the ability to draw upon words to describe an event. The breadth and depth of a students vocabulary will have a direct influence upon the descriptiveness, accuracy, and quality of his or her writing. Yonek( 2008) notes, variety in selecting words to convey accurate meanings is necessary in speaking and writing, the outgoes of the language arts and at any level, written communication is more effective when a depth of vocabulary and command of language is (p. 25-26). Principles of vocabulary development Since words are the writers most important tools, vocabulary development must be an important and ongoing part of classroom learning. In Laflamme (1997) study( cited in yonek 2008) offers several key principles that should guide the creation and implementation of a comprehensive vocabulary development program. 1. Teachers must offer direct instruction of techniques or procedures for developing a broad and varied vocabulary. This instruction can be provided both formally through the language arts program, and informally through various classroom interactions-such as story time-with students. 2. New vocabulary terms must be connected to students previous knowledge and experiences. If students are unable to contextualize new words by attaching them to words and concepts they already understand, the words will likely have little meaning to them, and if meaning is lacking, the chances are pupils will memorize terms and concepts for testing purposes only or largely. 3. Students should be able to contextualize the vocabulary terms they have learned and use them in society. In order for students to do this successfully, they must first learn to become comfortable using these words in the classroom. Students should be required or encouraged to incorporate new vocabulary terms into their oral and written reports and presentations. 4. Practice and repetition are important methods by which students can become familiar with new words and under- stand how they may be used correctly .Students should be frequently exposed to the same words through practice exercises, classroom use, and testing. 5. Teachers should model an enthusiasm for and curiosity about new words through their own behaviors and attitudes. Teachers who are enthusiastic about vocabulary development will automatically look for teachable moments throughout the day, pointing out interesting words as they crop up in texts, stories, or conversation; asking students to explore alternative ways of expressing concepts; and helping identify colorful, descriptive ways of speaking and writing. 6. Schools, teachers, and students must be committed to vocabulary development over the long term. The teaching of vocabulary must be an interdisciplinary project, integrated into the curriculum at every level. Effects of vocabulary Instruction on writing and using vocabulary to improve writing skills Efforts to improve writing performance through vocabulary instruction have been limited making generalizations about the role of vocabulary instruction unwarranted. However, a few studies examining the effects of vocabulary instruction on writing reveal some promising findings between the two. While improved vocabulary can enhance students writing skills, there is no guarantee that it will do so automatically. Improvement in vocabulary will result in improved writing skills only if the teacher is able to create a classroom that takes writing seriously. In Corona, Spangenberger 1998 study (cited in lee 2003) in such a classroom, process and environment are closely intertwined and interdependent. The process does not come alive unless the environment is conducive to it. The following are techniques teachers can use to create a writing-centered classroom. 1. Sharing vocabulary-rich literature by reading books, poems, and stories that contain interesting vocabulary, teachers can both introduce new words and provide a forum for discussing them. It helps the students become better writers, 2. Helping students to look for interesting words. There are many different forms this can take. For example, students could pair up and look through books for words that catch their attention, then write down common words that the author could have used instead. 3. Offering a variety of writing opportunities. A writer-centered classroom emphasizes using written expression to communicate ideas. Writing is an important part of all areas of the curriculum. The authors go on to note that students have a greater investment in their writing when they are given choices about their assignments. Such choices may include journal or diary entries, weekly logs summarizing journal entries, book reports, outlines, poetry, autobiographies, short stories, or any number of variations on the above. 4. Providing sample time for students to fully experience the writing process . The teaching of writing should be approached as a process that must be studied in depth, and substantial blocks of time should be devoted to writing. 5. Allowing students to conference with teachers and fellow students. When writing topics are chosen, students should meet with their teacher to discuss ideas and answer questions. The teachers role is to encourage, build on existing strengths, and help the student expand his or her abilities. Conferencing with fellow students gives the budding writer the opportunity to share ideas, brainstorm, and rework his or her project. Research (Henry, Scott Wells, 1999;cited in Yonek 2008) has shown Teachers who are following principles relating to vocabulary development: valuing words is critical to student learning, wide reading and direct instruction are critical components to vocabulary learning, and modeling word consciousness with a focus on language use encouraged students to pay attention to words Conclusion: In Scott 2004, study (cited in Lee 2003) research shows that having a large and sophisticated vocabulary helps a writer produce quality text by limiting the cognitive demands during a writing task. Though research connecting effective vocabulary instruction and writing is limited, some studies suggest that rich vocabulary instruction and developing word consciousness can positively influence writing. Principles identified from the research relating to generalized effects in comprehension as a result of vocabulary instruction may serve as the basis for effective instructional methods designed to increase word knowledge to a degree that can affect writing.

Frankenstein: The Impact of God-like Sciences Stemming from Modern Tech

Frankenstein: The Impact of God-like Sciences Stemming from Modern Technology In Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein’s life story is the heart of the tale. As a young Swiss boy, he grew up in Geneva reading the works of the ancient and outdated alchemists, a background that serves him ill when he attends university at Ingolstadt. There he learns about modern science and, within a few years, masters all that his professors have to teach him. He becomes fascinated with the â€Å"secret of life,† discovers it, and brings a hideous monster into the world. The monster proceeds to kill Victor’s youngest brother, best friend, and wife; he also indirectly causes the deaths of two other innocents, including Victor’s father. Though torn by remorse, shame, and guilt, Victor refuses to admit to anyone the horror of what he has created, even as he sees the ramifications of his experiment spiraling out of control. This paper focuses on the God-like sciences that are portrayed in the novel. â€Å"Learn from me. . . at least by my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge and how much happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow† (Shelley 101). Victor’s attempt to play God and Creator is most plainly seen through the perceptions and actions of his creation. The creature is born into the world as if it is a baby, knowing nothing of life. This creature's first experience as a living existence is being shunned by its own creator. I beheld the wretch---the miserable monster whom I had created. He held up the curtain of the bed; and his eyes, if eyes they may be called, were fixed on me†¦ He might have spoken, but I did not hear; one hand was stretched out, seemingly to detain me, but I escaped and rushed downstairs (Shelley 43). The monster is reaching out to the only thing he knows thus far, his creator, and is met with disgust. Victor, being merely human, cannot offer this creature the unconditional love and guidance that God bestows on His creatures. This, in turn, leads to the imminent immoral actions of the creature. As technology advances, civilization grows farther from religious beliefs, attempting to become ‘God-like’. Instead of living off what is here, humans build their own habitats. Instead of accepting disease and death, hum... ...saac. "The Scientist as Villian." Asimov on Science Fiction. New York: Granada, 1983. 65-68. Brooks, Peter. "Godlike Science/ Unhallowed Arts: Language and Monstrosity in Frankenstein." New Literary History (Spring 1978) 591-605. Fellman, Gordon. "The Truths of Frankenstein: Technologism and Images of Destruction." Psychohistory Review 19 (1991): 177231. Gilbert, Sandra M., and Gubar, Susan. "Horror's Twin: Mary Shelley's Monstrous Eve." The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984. 213-247. http://encarta.msn.com- "Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2005. http://encarta.msn.com  © 1997-2005 Microsoft Corporation. Joseph, M.K. Introduction. Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Ed. M.K. Joseph. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1969. i-xx. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus. Ed. M.K. Joseph. Oxford: Oxford Up, 1969. Spector, Robert Donald. Introduction. Seven Masterpieces of Gothic Horror. New York: Bantam, 1963. 1-12. Tillyard, E.M.W. Myth and the English Mind. New York: Collier Books, 1961.