Henri Fayols Management Theories

Introduction Management refers to the act of achieving goals through people. Some scholars are of the opinion that management refers to the process of planning, organising, coordinating and controlling to achieve the predetermined goals and Objectives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Henri Fayol’s Management Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various authors have developed management theories, and Henry Fayol is one of the renowned theorists. Henry Fayol was born in 1841 in Istanbul, and he is one of the pioneers who developed theories of management during industrialization period. According to Fayol, management refers to forecasting, planning, organising, commanding and controlling (Brunsson, 2008). He introduced fundamental basis of understanding management. Through his management theory, other philosophers have developed their theories in relations to management. Hence, he is referred to as the f ather of the classical school of management (Parker Ritson, 2005). This study focuses on Henry Fayol’s theory of management, its evolution and application in management of the organisations today. Henry Fayol and the 14 principles of management Henry Fayol joined coal mining factory as a chief executive officer after graduating with an engineering degree. He recognised that, for managers to be efficient and effective, they must apply some principals of management when managing their business entities (Brunsson, 2008). Therefore, he developed the fourteen principles of management that help managers in managing their organisations. However, he disagreed with the notion that management requires an individual to possess some management traits. Fayol emphasized on application of the fourteen principles of management. He argued that, management is not static, but rather it is a continuous process which keeps on evolving. Therefore, for managers to be efficient and effective, they must continuously improve their principles of management (Parker and Ritson, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fayol authored a book called the General and Industrial Management. In this book, he explained the functions of management as; planning, organising, staffing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. The book divided General and Industrial Management into six groups namely: Technical undertaking, which involve production, manufacturing and adaptation. Commercial undertaking, which focuses on exchanging, buying and selling of products. Financial undertaking, which focuses on optimum utilization of capital when carrying out organisation operations. Security undertaking, which dealt with personal and property protection. Accounting activities, which focus on taking the stocks of the company as well as maintaining the books of accounts. Lastly, he divided the acti vities into managerial activities, which focus on planning, organising, commanding, coordinating and controlling activities (McLean, 2011). Fayol argued that, apart from employing the fourteen principals of management, decision makers should incorporate the activities for effective management of an organisation. Henry Fayol formed the basis of management by providing the managers with a conceptual framework through his fourteen principles of management (Pryor and Taneja 2010). The first principles provide that division of labour is essential in an organization. Fayol argued that, task should be apportioned among employees based on employees’ ability. For example, the management of Volkswagen Company, based in Germany, applies division of labour to manufacture quality products. Workers are allocated tasks to manufacture vehicles based on their expertise. The second principle is the principal of authority and responsibility. This means that, managers have the right to give orde rs to employees and to expect obedience from their junior employees. On the other hand, employees have the obligation to execute the allocated tasks. This principle is applied in Barrick’s Mining Company, based in the US. The third principle is the principle of discipline, which emphasizes that all the stakeholders should respect the rules and regulations in an organisation to ensure that order and efficiency prevails (Wren, 2001). The principle is commonly applied in Cadillac car manufacturing at General Motors Company, based in Detroit Michigan.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Henri Fayol’s Management Theories specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The fifth principal involves unity of command, whereby, employees should receive commands from only one superior. The principle is exercised in Barrick’s Mining Company because it helps managers to avoid conflict within the organization, especially wh en giving commands to the junior employees (Sahni and Vayunandan, 2010). The fifth principal that Fayol established was the principle of unity direction. The principle emphasizes on the importance of grouping similar activities together, especially the activities which are directed to a single manager. For example, this principle helps Volkswagen Company to ensure that, all activities are executed effectively without having any activity not executed. Fayol provided the sixth principle states that, there should be subordination of individual interest to general interest. This means that, the interest of an organisation should be given the first priority while the interest of individuals should come later. The principle is commonly applied in Barrick’s company based in U.S., and has enhanced productivity of this company. The seventh principle provides that, employee’s remuneration should be fair. This is because any perceived inequity among the employees might make the e mployees feel demotivated. Low motivation among employees can lead to reduction in the level of productivity. The eighth principal emphasizes on centralization. Managers are referred to as the focal points were the authority originates, while employees are referred to be the ones to execute the allocated task (Sapru, 2006). This principle helps managers at Honda Company, based in Manito Tokyo Japan, to ensure there are seamless operations in production of Honda products.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The ninth principle emphasizes that there should be a scalar chain in an organisation. This indicates that the chain of command flows from the top to bottom. The top management should give commands, which should flow from top management to lower levels of management. The principle is normally applied in Forbes Company, based in U.S. The company has developed to dominate the global market. The tenth principle explains that, there should be order in an organisation. Employees, managers, decision makers and all the stakeholders should observe certain rules and regulations. For instance, all stakeholders should be punctual when executing the activities of an organization. This is crucial to ensure that time is not wasted, and that, all the stakeholders execute tasks promptly (Dzimbiri, 2009). The principle is commonly applied by Chinese construction companies, such as Civil Crafts Structure. The employees of Civil Crafts Structure Company are extremely conscious about time. The eleventh principle indicates that there should be equity. Managers should ensure that all employees are treated fairly and with a lot of dignity without favouring either side (Sapru, 2006). This principle is commonly applied in Volkswagen Company. All the employees of the company are treated fairly to ensure that no discrimination is experienced. Fayol’s twelfth principle is focused on personnel stability of tenure. According to this principle, managers should promote a stable workforce by encouraging employees’ long-term dedication and commitment. Organizations applying this principle experience reduction in the rate of employee turnover. This ensures that, there is increased organisational productivity and profitability, as well (Dzimbiri, 2009). The thirteenth principle show that, employees are supposed to develop with new ways of doing things. This principle is very important in the modern market environment. Organizations should apply innovative products to achieve a comp etitive edge in the modern market environment. For example, the Apple Company has achieved a competitive advantage because it develops innovative products. The company is renowned for developing products such as iPad, iPod and others. The fourteenth principle emphasizes on Esprit de Corps. This means that, managers should embrace and promote unity within an organisation by encouraging team work among the employees and all other stakeholders. The principle has promoted cohesiveness among Chinese Engineers in Civil Structure Company. The principle formed a fundamental basis for management practice during the industrialization period. However, the principle is not widely applied by managers today, but it still remains relevant (Dzimbiri, 2009). Henry Fayol emphasized that managers should possess the six the primary qualities of effective management to conduct management functions effectively. He argued that, for managers to apply the six concepts of management, they should define what they intend to achieve within a predetermined time frame. Managers should also create the authority lines through which there is efficient flow of commands. The commands should be issued such that the entire organisation is set towards execution of activities (Sahni and Vayunandan 2010). Henry Fayol’s classical theory of management has also proved to have a wide range of applications and advantages in organizations today. This is because; his fourteen principals of management are still applied to manage enterprises. The principle of division of labour helps human resource managers to allocate tasks to the employees. This ensures that work is evenly distributed among workers, and helps to ensure that the effort of each worker is being utilised productively (McLean, 2011). The principle of equity helps managers to treat employees with fairness. Equal treatment causes employees to feel valued and recognised. This leads to increase in the productivity of employees. The principle of initiative enables managers to encourage employees to be creative and innovative. Employee’s creativity and innovativeness enable the organisation to cope with the dynamics that may be experienced in an organisation. This enables an organisation to have a continuous performance improvement (Wren, 2001). The Principle of Esprit de Corps enhances unity and team work within the organisation. Unity and team work promotes corporation among the employees, and this leads to increased organisation productivity. The principle of stability of tenure enables employees to feel that their contributions are being appreciated. They feel dedicated towards achieving organisation goals and objectives. Additionally, the principle promotes the stability of the workforce by ensuring that there is long term employees’ commitment and dedication towards attaining the anticipated outcomes. Fayol’s principle of unity of direction helps to prevent confusion and conflict within an organ isation. According to this principle, employees are supposed to receive commands from only one superior. Hence, multiple commands to a single worker are avoided (Dzimbiri, 2009). However, despite having many advantages, the theory is faced by some limitations. The theory is being criticized for neglecting the needs of workers by failing to account their plights. Therefore, the theory is said to be management oriented rather than employees oriented (Dzimbiri, 2009). This means that, the theory emphasizes towards increasing the productivity of the organisation without considering the needs of the workers. The theory has the disadvantage of failure to embrace the fundamental managerial aspect such as; promoting vertical and horizontal communication (Sapru, 2006). Fayol’s theory of the classical school of management was based on military context and not in a business context. Therefore, the theory emphasizes on commanding employees rather than directing them (Cole, 2004). Additio nally, the theory has the disadvantage of failure to encourage informal groups and informal communication. Lack of informal groups within the organisation denies employees a vital tool which they can express their grievances to the top management (Sahni and Vayunandan, 2010). The theories further tend to describe Henry Fayol’s vision rather than the actual reality. This is because it lacks substantial facts and evidences to support its assertions. This means that the theory has not been substantiated by empirical research evidence but rather it is based on mare Fayol’s personal experience (Parker and Ritson, 2005). The theory is criticised for having some principles which may not be relevant in a business context. This means that some of the Fayol’s fourteen principles of management have limited applications in the business environment today. For example, the principle of unity of command is suitable in Military contexts rather than in business management. This is because in a business context manager should lead rather than commanding (Dzimbiri, 2009). Conclusion Henry Fayol classical theory of management has a wide range of application in today’s business. This is because managers find some of Fayol’s principle management to be relevant when managing organisations. Despite this theory being widely accepted, the theory is criticised because it is based on Henry Fayol’s personal experience during his tenure at coal mining factory. The theory has not been substantiated by any empirical evidence based on research. Hence, its credibility is still questionable. Despite lacking substantial evidence to support this theory, the theory formed a fundamental basis upon which many theories were formed. The theory helps identify the best practice to manage organisations and achieve the predetermined goals and objectives. Reference List Brunsson, K H 2008, ‘Some Effects of Fayola’s’, International Studies of Man agement Organisation, vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 30-47. Cole, G. A., 2004, Management theory and practice, Thomson Learning, London. Dzimbiri, L B 2009, Organization and management theories: an African focus integrating structure, people, processes and the environment for human happiness, Cuvillier, Göttingen McLean, J 2011, ‘Fayol – standing the test of time’, British Journal of Administrative Management, pp. 32-33. Parker, LD and Ritson, PA 2005, ‘Revisiting Fayol: Anticipating Contemporary Management’, British Journal of Management, vol. 16, pp. 175-194. Pryor, M G and Taneja, S 2010 ‘Henri Fayol, practitioner and theoretician – revered and reviled’, Journal of Management History, vol. 16, issue 4, pp. 489-503. Sahni, P and Vayunandan, E 2010, Administrative theory, PHI Learning, New Delhi, India. Sapru, R K 2006, Administrative theories and management thought, Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi Wren, DA 2001, ‘Henri Fayol a s strategist: a nineteenth century corporate turnaround’, Management Decision, vol. 39, issue 6, pp. 475-487. This essay on Henri Fayol’s Management Theories was written and submitted by user Raylan Riddle to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Breastfeeding in Public Essay Example

Breastfeeding in Public Essay Example Breastfeeding in Public Paper Breastfeeding in Public Paper In 2005, Barbara Walters, on national television, said that the sight of a woman breast-feeding her kid next to her made her uncomfortable.  What followed was a protest which began on the Internet and ended up in the streets.   After the comment, around 200 women hiked to ABCs headquarters, their form of protest: breastfeeding their babies in full view of everyone, while others held signs denouncing Walters comments, and the show which she hosts (Harmon, 2005). Amy Harmon at the New York Times writes that the ABC protest is only the most visible example of a new wave of lactivism.  Ã‚   Harmon relates that the lactivism movement stems from the surge of American mothers who choose to breastfeed (from 50% in 1990 to 70% in 2003).   Harmon explains that women found their lactivism voice after getting nasty comments about breastfeeding in public, or being asked to stop or transfer.   Harmon also writes that hundreds of women recount being asked to stop in a host of public spots.   Harmon attributes these to the prevailing cultural squeamishness of public nursing (Harmon, 2005). The Law Breastfeeding in public, however uncomfortable for those who could see it, is legal in the United States.   According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, 39 states, the Virgin Islands and the District of Columbia   all have laws which specifically allow women to breastfeed in public.   Twenty-five states have laws which categorically excludes breastfeeding from being classified as indecent.   Breastfeeding in the workplace is allowed in the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico along with 19 states (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2008). Going further, breastfeeding mothers are exempted from jury duty in 12 states and Puerto Rico while five states and Puerto Rico have encouraged the development of education campaigns geared at breastfeeding awareness (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2008). Businesses are also allowing nursing customers to breastfeed in their establishments, Harmon gave Starbucks and Burger King as examples (Harmon, 2005). Its Ones Right Breastfeeding has been proven beneficial to both the mother and the baby.   Public health officials have even gone as far as saying that not breastfeeding is detrimental to a babys health (Rabin, 2006). The United States Food and Drug Administration says that a growing body of evidence points to the fact that breast-fed babies have lower chances of being hospitalized, contracting diseases such as ear infections and diarrhea, getting allergies and rashes.   An FDA article cites Ruth Lawrence at the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation that breastfeeding should be done for six to twelve months (Williams, 1995). Breast milk contains just the right amounts of lactose, water, amino and fatty acids for proper digestion, growth and brain development.   Breast milk also transfers a mothers antibodies to the baby, protecting the infant from a host of diseases like pneumonia, bronchitis and other virus- and bacteria-borne diseases.   It is also sterile, and has more than 100 ingredients not found in infant formula.   It doesnt cause allergies (Williams, 1995). Other benefits to the baby includes proper jaw development, higher chances of developing straight, healthy teeth.   Psychologically, breastfeeding enables early attachment between the mother and the child, while promoting a healthy sense of security (Williams, 1995).   The Department of Human Services adds that breastfeeding is also tied to earlier development of infant immune system, decreased risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, less susceptibility to serious illness, reduced risk of chronic diseases like childhood cancers, juvenile diabetes, allergic diseases, asthma, higher IQs from enhanced neurological development. To the mother, breastfeeding can help in shedding off the extra pounds, save money.   Breastfeeding can also act as a contraceptive (Williams, 1995).   The mothers uterus also returns to normal size faster.   Also, there is reduced risk of endometrial, breast and ovarian cancers, osteoporosis and bone fracture.   Psychologically, a breastfeeding mother gets more confident and bonds with her baby (Department of Human Services, undated). Not breastfeeding, or at least in public, can deprive both mother and infant of these benefits.   And society is not helping.   Rabin points out that 60% of mothers with very young children work, while the law only requires companies to pay 12 weeks of unpaid maternity leave.   There is even no time alloted for lactation leave.   Only 1/3 of large companies have private and secure facilities for breastfeeding.   Only 7% offer child care sites near or in the workplace (Rabin, 2006). In effect, breastfeeding in public becomes necessary because its very hard to be a parent without leaving home, and hungry babies are not known for their patience.   A new mother returning to her normal routine outside the home will find it difficult to locate a place thats truly private in order to breastfeed her baby (Pugliese, 2000). As Anne Robb Pugliese states, breast milk is the best for babies, it doesnt stop being so just because other people are around. Nurse Here Now, an online advocacy for breastfeeding in public, states that breastfeeding in public is not, or should not be, a shameful act.   Other peoples discomfort stems from the fact that they cannot distinguish between maternal and sexual intimacy.   Moreover, hiding to breastfeed is not giving priority to the babys needs (NurseHereNow.Com, 2005).

Sectarian conflict in Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Sectarian conflict in Iraq - Essay Example The first two pages provide an in depth analysis and commentary on the evolving nature of the conflict. It argues that the roots of the conflict have been present since the creation of the country in the aftermath of World War I by the integration of former Ottoman Empire provinces. Further the politics of the country has been based upon totalitarianism and centralized government that has been effective and efficient in suppressing any manifestation of Shiite or Kurdish nationalism and fundamentalism. After this the research study focuses on the efforts of the Iraqi and American administrations in resolving the sectarian problem. Despite superficial attempts to negate the concept of sectarianism the root causes of the conflict persist. The research paper uses the political theory of realism in order to understand the causes and nature of the sectarian conflict in Iraq. Finally it makes recommendations which will assist policy makers in eradicating the scourge of sectarianism in the c ountry. Iraq was created after World War I by the British administration by joining together former provinces of the Ottoman Empire. Three ethnic and sectarian groups, Kurds, Sunnis, and Shiites inhabited this area. During the Baath party regime of Saddam Hussein, the Sunni elite had managed to suppress any manifestation of Kurdish or Shiite resurgence. However the United States invasion of Iraq and overthrow of the Saddam Hussein regime has dangerously changed the balance of power and monopoly once enjoyed by the Sunni elite. Shiites and Kurds have carved out their respective zones of influence where they dominate the state and security apparatus. Fighting in Iraq has increasingly turned towards a sectarian conflict between Shiites and Sunnis. The struggle has also been a broad part of the struggle between Arab states and Iran to protect and defend their interests in Iraq. Sectarian clashes have led to the wholesale expulsion or killings of minorities with enclaves being carved out

Week 5 posts 6330 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 5 posts 6330 - Assignment Example Thanks for such a short and precise post on developing successful evaluation strategies on the course issues and trends in nursing. I agree that it is important to develop a rubric, which is very important in grading as it acts a reference point to check whether all the required documentation has been included. In the post, you have mentioned â€Å"Widespread use of technology makes it extremely easy to lose sight of the myriad individual pieces of a syllabus† (Habanek, 2005). However, you have not specified your take towards incorporating technology in the evaluation process. On my part, I think technology is an essential part in carrying out evaluation especially when you anticipate having a long and detailed syllabus. The central part is to ensure that you enforce a system that can easily be monitored and adjusted when need arises. I would agree with you that having active learning strategies is necessary to prepare students such that they are in a position to apply what they learn from a classroom setting into real life situation. Therefore, it is necessary for the faculty to have a clear and precise curriculum that will help them achieve these conditions. Similar to what Billings and Halstead (2012) explain in their text â€Å"rely on goals, objectives, and outcomes to guide program, course, or lesson development† (p. 423). Besides that, I would like you to clarify one area that I did not quite understand. You mentioned â€Å"the students will complete a concept map and case study in preparation for the teaching plan they create and present† kindly elaborate more on this part. Thanks for such an informative post on developing a curriculum that will incorporate cardiac disorders as one of the main courses. Cardiac disorders such as heart failure have become a common problem in the current medical field. Therefore, need to have professionals that are well educated in the field and

In each industry, technology determines industrial structure, which Essay

In each industry, technology determines industrial structure, which determines the conduct of firms, which in turn determines the performance of firms. Explain and critically evaluate this statement - Essay Example However the reflection of this relationship would be quite clearly evident in relation with the entity’s market performance. In a larger macroeconomic context, such technological changes are in a broader sense expected to make impacts in the economy my as well. The level to which technology would affect the performance of an industry is however heterogeneous. This would mean that the micro level response of various firms to technological innovations and policy changes would vary to a larger extent (Smith K ,1999). However while analysing the macro level relationship, an evident sign of linkage can be found between the industry’s performance in the global scenario and the technology. This linkage has been found in the history of any industry. To understand the relevance of this statement the replacement of many traditional hand driven industries with automated technologies would be an ideal example. Ranging from agriculture to oil mining, technology always has changed the face and structure of the specific industry as per the standards of the age. However it is true that there are many other factors which drive the technological innovations specific to each industry. From the experiences in the history, it is quite evident that technology would bring massive change in the industrial structure both generic and specific to individual firms. Along with the relation of the structural changes with the performance of individual firms, it also important to understand the integration of these individual changes into complex social and economic relationships with their environments (Smith K ,1999). There are number of theories explaining the macro effect of the structural changes in the industry in relation with technology. This theory is based on the disequlibrium growth model based on creative destruction. It clearly proves the relationship of performance and growth of the industry with the introduction of substantial changes in

Vocabulary On Writing In EFL Learners

Vocabulary On Writing In EFL Learners Vocabulary knowledge has been considered as basic principles of learning English and it also has a determinant impact on EFL Witting skills. Writing is one of the important ways to learn English language that involves students ideas into the written text. Vocabulary mastery is one of knowledge that important to learn writing, listening, reading, and speaking A good writer has to know a set of vital items to enrich his writing such as grammar punctuation, capitalization rules; figurative language; rhyme; rhythm; and vocabulary. One item that can power up writing is a strong vocabulary. Spoken and written words are used to communicate ideas, thoughts, and emotions and they are so common among EFL learners, sometimes communicating will be successful and sometimes its quite reverse. To write an article, essay or even a composition which is written at school by students, good vocabulary is an essential object. Knowing synonyms and using strong vocabularies, give readers a good sense of meaning and information will make the writing more influential. In Santos, 1988; Astika,1993 study(cited in Lee,2003) has shown that lack of vocabulary contributes to writing difficulty for foreign language learners and that vocabulary is one of the most important features that determine writing quality The current article focused on the impact of vocabulary on writing in EFL learners. Importance of Vocabulary in Writing Vocabulary is defined as knowledge of words which is considered vital for language development and acquisition and is recognized as an essential factor in writing. It can also describe as the ability to use words in the generation and understanding of sentences. Beck, McCaslin, McKeown, 1980 study(cited in Yonek,2008)There is a substantial body of evidence demonstrating a link between vocabularies and students ability to read and comprehend passages. Researchers have also explored the role of vocabulary in three main aspects of students writing performance: (a) shaping teachers perceptions of writing quality; (b) predicting students overall writing performance, and (c) enhancing the quality of students written compositions( Papadopoulou, 2007,p.35). Papadopoulou,2007 said that there is a positive relationship between mature vocabulary (assessed by lexical choice) and high quality ratings. Particularly, when Neilsen and Piche (1981) compared the effects of syntactic complexity versus lexical choice on the ratings of writing quality, they reported high quality ratings for passages with mature vocabulary regardless of the passages syntactic complexity. Similarly, according to Papadopoulou,2007 examined the role of vocabulary in formatting teachers judgments of college freshmens written arguments:. It was reported that the appropriateness of words used, rather than the simple production of words, was more important in influencing teachers judgments of writing quality. The number of diction or word-choice errors per 100 words written was found to be a particularly strong predictor of writing quality. (Papadopoulou,2007,p.102) Vocabulary is also considered as a strong predictor of students overall writing performance when vocabulary scores are compared to more elaborated criterion measures of written expression such as the Test of Written Language (Towel;Hammill Larsen, 1978), the Stanford Achievement Test (SAT; Madden, Gardner,Rudman, Karlsen, Merwin, 1978), and the Developmental Sentence Scoring System (Lee Canter, 1971). Significant research has been conducted on the effects of vocabulary instruction on reading performance but studies investigating vocabulary instruction and writing are few (Duin Graves, 1987). It also illustrates the effects of vocabulary instruction on the quality of students written products. (Yonek,2008,p.68) Despite the correlations between verbal ability and writing, the nature of the relationship between the two is less certain. A rich vocabulary allows writer to get a richness of thought onto paper. However, the writers real pleasure comes not from using an exotic word but from using the right word. In other research, effective writing has also been shown to be reliant upon verbal working memory . Those students who have considerable difficulty in producing well written compositions suffer from underdeveloped oral proficiency levels. According to Bereiter Scardamalia, 1987 study,(cited in Lee,2003)Further research shows that verbal memory limitations impact both quantity and quality of writing . In writing, using correct verbs, propositions and grammatical point is so important. Vocabulary and writing: Finding the right words In some ways, the ability to write effectively hinges upon having an adequate vocabulary even more than does the ability to read. Once students have learned to decode words, they may be able to read and pronounce many words that are unfamiliar to them. They may even be able to determine accurate meanings of unfamiliar words simply by examining the context in which those words are used. During the writing process, however, a student does not have the luxury of examining the context in which a word is used; he or she is creating the context. Therefore, the writer must be able to spontaneously recall words that are known not only by sight, but that are understood well enough to use correctly. Writing is dependent upon the ability to draw upon words to describe an event. The breadth and depth of a students vocabulary will have a direct influence upon the descriptiveness, accuracy, and quality of his or her writing. Yonek( 2008) notes, variety in selecting words to convey accurate meanings is necessary in speaking and writing, the outgoes of the language arts and at any level, written communication is more effective when a depth of vocabulary and command of language is (p. 25-26). Principles of vocabulary development Since words are the writers most important tools, vocabulary development must be an important and ongoing part of classroom learning. In Laflamme (1997) study( cited in yonek 2008) offers several key principles that should guide the creation and implementation of a comprehensive vocabulary development program. 1. Teachers must offer direct instruction of techniques or procedures for developing a broad and varied vocabulary. This instruction can be provided both formally through the language arts program, and informally through various classroom interactions-such as story time-with students. 2. New vocabulary terms must be connected to students previous knowledge and experiences. If students are unable to contextualize new words by attaching them to words and concepts they already understand, the words will likely have little meaning to them, and if meaning is lacking, the chances are pupils will memorize terms and concepts for testing purposes only or largely. 3. Students should be able to contextualize the vocabulary terms they have learned and use them in society. In order for students to do this successfully, they must first learn to become comfortable using these words in the classroom. Students should be required or encouraged to incorporate new vocabulary terms into their oral and written reports and presentations. 4. Practice and repetition are important methods by which students can become familiar with new words and under- stand how they may be used correctly .Students should be frequently exposed to the same words through practice exercises, classroom use, and testing. 5. Teachers should model an enthusiasm for and curiosity about new words through their own behaviors and attitudes. Teachers who are enthusiastic about vocabulary development will automatically look for teachable moments throughout the day, pointing out interesting words as they crop up in texts, stories, or conversation; asking students to explore alternative ways of expressing concepts; and helping identify colorful, descriptive ways of speaking and writing. 6. Schools, teachers, and students must be committed to vocabulary development over the long term. The teaching of vocabulary must be an interdisciplinary project, integrated into the curriculum at every level. Effects of vocabulary Instruction on writing and using vocabulary to improve writing skills Efforts to improve writing performance through vocabulary instruction have been limited making generalizations about the role of vocabulary instruction unwarranted. However, a few studies examining the effects of vocabulary instruction on writing reveal some promising findings between the two. While improved vocabulary can enhance students writing skills, there is no guarantee that it will do so automatically. Improvement in vocabulary will result in improved writing skills only if the teacher is able to create a classroom that takes writing seriously. In Corona, Spangenberger 1998 study (cited in lee 2003) in such a classroom, process and environment are closely intertwined and interdependent. The process does not come alive unless the environment is conducive to it. The following are techniques teachers can use to create a writing-centered classroom. 1. Sharing vocabulary-rich literature by reading books, poems, and stories that contain interesting vocabulary, teachers can both introduce new words and provide a forum for discussing them. It helps the students become better writers, 2. Helping students to look for interesting words. There are many different forms this can take. For example, students could pair up and look through books for words that catch their attention, then write down common words that the author could have used instead. 3. Offering a variety of writing opportunities. A writer-centered classroom emphasizes using written expression to communicate ideas. Writing is an important part of all areas of the curriculum. The authors go on to note that students have a greater investment in their writing when they are given choices about their assignments. Such choices may include journal or diary entries, weekly logs summarizing journal entries, book reports, outlines, poetry, autobiographies, short stories, or any number of variations on the above. 4. Providing sample time for students to fully experience the writing process . The teaching of writing should be approached as a process that must be studied in depth, and substantial blocks of time should be devoted to writing. 5. Allowing students to conference with teachers and fellow students. When writing topics are chosen, students should meet with their teacher to discuss ideas and answer questions. The teachers role is to encourage, build on existing strengths, and help the student expand his or her abilities. Conferencing with fellow students gives the budding writer the opportunity to share ideas, brainstorm, and rework his or her project. Research (Henry, Scott Wells, 1999;cited in Yonek 2008) has shown Teachers who are following principles relating to vocabulary development: valuing words is critical to student learning, wide reading and direct instruction are critical components to vocabulary learning, and modeling word consciousness with a focus on language use encouraged students to pay attention to words Conclusion: In Scott 2004, study (cited in Lee 2003) research shows that having a large and sophisticated vocabulary helps a writer produce quality text by limiting the cognitive demands during a writing task. Though research connecting effective vocabulary instruction and writing is limited, some studies suggest that rich vocabulary instruction and developing word consciousness can positively influence writing. Principles identified from the research relating to generalized effects in comprehension as a result of vocabulary instruction may serve as the basis for effective instructional methods designed to increase word knowledge to a degree that can affect writing.

Frankenstein: The Impact of God-like Sciences Stemming from Modern Tech

Frankenstein: The Impact of God-like Sciences Stemming from Modern Technology In Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, Victor Frankenstein’s life story is the heart of the tale. As a young Swiss boy, he grew up in Geneva reading the works of the ancient and outdated alchemists, a background that serves him ill when he attends university at Ingolstadt. There he learns about modern science and, within a few years, masters all that his professors have to teach him. He becomes fascinated with the â€Å"secret of life,† discovers it, and brings a hideous monster into the world. The monster proceeds to kill Victor’s youngest brother, best friend, and wife; he also indirectly causes the deaths of two other innocents, including Victor’s father. Though torn by remorse, shame, and guilt, Victor refuses to admit to anyone the horror of what he has created, even as he sees the ramifications of his experiment spiraling out of control. This paper focuses on the God-like sciences that are portrayed in the novel. â€Å"Learn from me. . . at least by my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge and how much happier that man is who believes his native town to be the world, than he who aspires to become greater than his nature will allow† (Shelley 101). Victor’s attempt to play God and Creator is most plainly seen through the perceptions and actions of his creation. The creature is born into the world as if it is a baby, knowing nothing of life. This creature's first experience as a living existence is being shunned by its own creator. I beheld the wretch---the miserable monster whom I had created. He held up the curtain of the bed; and his eyes, if eyes they may be called, were fixed on me†¦ He might have spoken, but I did not hear; one hand was stretched out, seemingly to detain me, but I escaped and rushed downstairs (Shelley 43). The monster is reaching out to the only thing he knows thus far, his creator, and is met with disgust. Victor, being merely human, cannot offer this creature the unconditional love and guidance that God bestows on His creatures. This, in turn, leads to the imminent immoral actions of the creature. As technology advances, civilization grows farther from religious beliefs, attempting to become ‘God-like’. Instead of living off what is here, humans build their own habitats. Instead of accepting disease and death, hum... ...saac. "The Scientist as Villian." Asimov on Science Fiction. New York: Granada, 1983. 65-68. Brooks, Peter. "Godlike Science/ Unhallowed Arts: Language and Monstrosity in Frankenstein." New Literary History (Spring 1978) 591-605. Fellman, Gordon. "The Truths of Frankenstein: Technologism and Images of Destruction." Psychohistory Review 19 (1991): 177231. Gilbert, Sandra M., and Gubar, Susan. "Horror's Twin: Mary Shelley's Monstrous Eve." The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984. 213-247. http://encarta.msn.com- "Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2005. http://encarta.msn.com  © 1997-2005 Microsoft Corporation. Joseph, M.K. Introduction. Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Shelley. Ed. M.K. Joseph. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1969. i-xx. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus. Ed. M.K. Joseph. Oxford: Oxford Up, 1969. Spector, Robert Donald. Introduction. Seven Masterpieces of Gothic Horror. New York: Bantam, 1963. 1-12. Tillyard, E.M.W. Myth and the English Mind. New York: Collier Books, 1961.